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ritual · Greek

The Hippocratic Oath

Apollo · Asclepius · Hygieia · Panacea
I swear by Apollon the physician, and Asklepios, and Hygeia, and Panakeia, and all the gods and goddesses, that, according to my ability and judgment, I will keep this Oath and this stipulation...
Commentarius · Commentary

The opening of the physicians' oath — the calling of gods to witness.

Ἵστορας ποιεύμενος — making them witnesses. A histōr is one who knows because he has seen; the word is the root of "history". The gods' role here is the one they have in every formula in this collection, from the fetial (janus-004) to the funerary (terra-funerary-001): not helpers but an attesting party. The oath is valid not because the gods are kind but because they were present.

The four named are not chosen at random — they are a family. Apollo the physician fathered Asclepius; Hygieia and Panakeia are Asclepius' daughters. Physicians swear not by a pantheon but by a lineage of healers, and by tradition that lineage was their own: the Asclepiadae traced their craft to him by blood. The oath is guild in origin, and its divine genealogy is the genealogy of a profession.

Then the covering clause: "and all gods and goddesses". No deity is to consider itself omitted.

On the name. This oath's relation to Hippocrates himself is unknown; it is a document of a medical school, and the attribution is conventional. The card's English runs one clause beyond the Greek given here — as far as the promise to keep the oath according to ability and judgement.

Fons · Source
AuthorHippocrates
WorkHippocratic Oath
Period5th-4th c. BC
Occasionopening of the Hippocratic Oath — physicians' solemn oath sworn by Apollo the physician, Asclepius, Hygieia, Panakea and all gods and goddesses
Classificatio · Taxonomy
CultureGreek
Formritual
FunctionsOath
SphereHealing